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The Grey Side of Procurement: recognising and addressing questionable purchasing practices

Article 4 minutes August 2026

Where is the line between professional conduct and questionable purchasing behaviour? Research by Fanny Chen shows which practices occur, where the greatest ethical risks lie and how organisations can support ethical decision-making.

Where is the ethical line in procurement?

Including a supplier in a selection process because senior management has a preference for them. Giving one supplier more or better information than another. Or allowing a purchasing decision to be influenced by a personal relationship with a supplier representative.

These are examples of situations in which professional conduct and questionable behaviour can come very close together.


In The Grey Side of Procurement: Identifying and Addressing Questionable Purchasing, Fanny Chen of Erasmus University Rotterdam examines which questionable purchasing practices occur, how they are perceived and which factors may influence involvement in such behaviour. The research also provides organisations with ways to strengthen ethical behaviour in procurement.

The particular position of the procurement professional

The research defines ethical behaviour as behaviour that is consistent with professional norms. Unethical purchasing behaviour refers to behaviour that violates generally accepted societal moral norms relating to the procurement process.

Procurement professionals occupy a particular position in this respect. They act as a link between the internal organisation and suppliers. In this boundary-spanning role, they have to deal with different interests, relationships and expectations. This can create situations in which professionals need to make an ethical judgement.

The research identifies supplier selection in particular as a phase with a high level of vulnerability to unethical behaviour.

How can organisations strengthen ethical procurement behaviour?

Recognising questionable behaviour is one step. The next question is how organisations can support professionals in making ethical decisions.

The research identifies three managerial strategies:

Codes of conduct can be used to promote ethical behaviour. They clarify the standards that apply within the organisation and the conduct expected of professionals.

A code of conduct can therefore provide a shared frame of reference for decisions in situations involving competing interests.
Alongside formal rules, the research identifies behavioural training as a useful instrument. Behavioural simulations enable professionals to practise situations in which ethical decision-making is required.

This creates a practical environment in which dilemmas can be explored before a similar situation occurs in real procurement practice.
A third strategy is moral case deliberation. This involves discussing ethical concerns and conflicts collectively. By explicitly considering different perspectives and interests, professionals can make more considered decisions in situations where the right course of action is not immediately clear.

The grey area deserves particular attention

The value of The Grey Side of Procurement lies precisely in its focus on situations that may not immediately be recognised as serious breaches of integrity.

A personal relationship, a preference expressed by senior management or a small difference in the information provided to suppliers may appear relatively harmless at first. Yet such choices can influence the objectivity, transparency and professionalism of the procurement process.

For organisations, this means that ethical procurement is about more than setting out rules. Professionals need to be able to recognise ethical dilemmas, discuss them and learn how to deal with them in practice.

Codes of conduct provide a foundation. Training and simulations make ethical decision-making more tangible, while moral deliberation creates space to examine difficult situations collectively.

The focus therefore shifts from simply asking ‘What is and is not permitted?’ to the broader professional question: ‘Which choice is consistent with careful and ethical procurement?’

  • Research: The Grey Side of Procurement: Identifying and Addressing Questionable Purchasing
  • Researcher: Fanny Chen
  • Organisation: Erasmus University Rotterdam

Download the infographic: The Grey Side of Procurement

Explore at a glance which questionable purchasing practices occur, where the main ethical risks lie and which measures organisations can take to strengthen ethical procurement behaviour.

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